The first thing to do would be building the system outside of the case. Place your motherboard on something non-conductive ( like wood ) and remove one stick of RAM. It's possible that something in the case is shorting your motherboard ( or some other component ).
If your CPU is working fine in another system then it shouldn't be the culprit. I think that Thuban, with it's improved memory controller, is probably capable of running 1600 Mhz without problems as long as you're not filling all 4 slots. Keep in mind that this is just my personal opinion.
Generally, if it won't work outside of the case then it's probably a faulty board ( considering that you've checked everything else in different systems ).
You're pushing it a little with a 600W PSU but it should be alright as long as you won't go overclocking everything. Remember that a GTX 480 is, pretty much, a single GPU equivalent of a GTX 295 ( performance, heat output and power consumption ).